Chilblains (pernio) form after intermittent or prolonged exposure to cold or damp air. The cold air causes blood vessels near your skin’s surface to tighten or constrict, leading to decreased oxygenation and inflammation in these exposed areas. Rewarming of cold skin also causes small blood vessels under the skin to expand more quickly than nearby larger blood vessels can handle. The exact reason why this reaction occurs is unknown. However some experts believe pernio develops because of:
- Genetics.
- Hormonal changes.
- Underlying diseases, such as connective tissue disorders or perpipheral arterial disease.
- Certain medications
These are discussed briefly below:
Genetics can play a role in the development of chilblains. People with a family history of chilblains or other conditions related to poor circulation, such as Raynaud’s disease, may be more susceptible to developing the condition.
Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy, can also increase the risk of chilblains. Hormones play a role in regulating blood flow and can affect the constriction and dilation of blood vessels, which can contribute to the development of chilblains.
Underlying diseases, such as connective tissue disorders and peripheral arterial disease (PAD), can also increase the risk of chilblains. Connective tissue disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, can affect the blood vessels and cause poor circulation. PAD is a condition in which the blood vessels of the legs become narrowed or blocked, which can lead to poor circulation in the feet and legs.
Certain medications, such as beta-blockers, can also contribute to the development of chilblains by affecting blood flow and constriction of blood vessels.
Risk factors
The following factors increase the risk of chilblains:
- Wearing clothing and shoes that are tight or expose skin to the cold. Wearing tightfitting clothing and shoes in cold, damp weather may make you more susceptible to chilblains.
- Being a young woman. This condition is most common in females between the ages of 15 and 30.
- Being underweight. This condition is most common in people with a low body mass.
- Living in cold, humid areas. Your risk of chilblains is higher if you live in an area with high humidity and cold but not freezing temperatures.
- Being a smoker. Smoking can decrease blood circulation in the extremities, such as the toes and fingers, making them more susceptible to the cold.
Overall, chilblains are caused by a combination of factors that affect blood flow to the extremities and can be influenced by genetics, hormonal changes, underlying diseases and medications.
Student Loans in South Africa: How to Apply and What to Expect
For many young South Africans, accessing higher education is a dream that often comes with a financial challenge. Fortunately, several student loan optionsstrong> are available in South Africa to help fund university, college, or TVET studies. Whether you’re looking for a government loan like NSFAS or a private student loan from a bank, understanding the process is essential for success.
What Are Student Loans?
Student loans are a form of financial aid provided to eligible students to help cover tuition fees, books, accommodation, and other study-related expenses. In South Africa, these loans can come from government institutions like NSFAS or private banks such as Nedbank, Standard Bank, FNB, and Absa. Most loans offer repayment flexibility and low-interest options until you graduate.
Types of Student Loans in South Africa
- NSFAS (National Student Financial Aid Scheme): A government-funded loan/grant program for students from low-income households. Covers tuition, housing, transport, and meals.
- Bank Student Loans: Offered by most major banks. These are credit-based and require a guardian or parent as a co-signer.
- Private Loan Providers: Companies like Fundi offer educational loans covering various costs such as school fees, gadgets, and textbooks.
Requirements to Qualify for a Student Loan
Each provider has its own criteria, but most South African student loans require the following:
- Proof of South African citizenship or permanent residency
- Proof of registration or acceptance at a recognised tertiary institution
- Parent or guardian with a stable income to co-sign (for private loans)
- Completed application form with supporting documents (ID, proof of income, academic records)
How to Apply for a Student Loan
To apply for a student loan in South Africa, follow these steps:
- Identify your loan provider: Choose between NSFAS, a bank, or a private lender.
- Gather necessary documents: ID copies, academic transcripts, acceptance letters, and income statements.
- Complete the application form online or at a branch.
- Await approval: Some banks offer instant decisions, while NSFAS can take a few weeks.
- Receive disbursement: Funds are typically paid directly to the institution or your account, depending on the lender.
Loan Amounts and Repayment
The loan amount you can receive depends on your chosen lender and financial need:
- NSFAS: Covers full tuition, residence, books, and a personal allowance. The loan becomes a bursary if you pass all your courses.
- Banks: Can provide up to R120,000 or more annually, depending on tuition costs and credit history.
Repayment usually starts after graduation or once you start earning an income. Bank loans may require interest-only payments during your studies. NSFAS repayment only begins when you earn above a specific income threshold.
FAQs on Student Loans in South Africa
1. Can I apply for a student loan without a parent or guardian?
For government loans like NSFAS, yes. But most banks require a financially responsible co-signer, especially for students without an income.
2. Is NSFAS a loan or a bursary?
NSFAS starts as a loan, but it converts to a bursary if you meet academic performance requirements. This means you may not have to pay it back.
3. What is the interest rate on student loans?
Private banks offer competitive rates between 5% and 12%, depending on the applicant's credit profile. NSFAS charges a much lower interest rate, usually linked to inflation.
4. What happens if I fail my courses?
If you’re funded by NSFAS and fail, your loan won’t convert into a bursary, and you’ll need to repay the full amount. Banks may continue charging interest, and your co-signer may be held liable.
5. Can I use a student loan to pay for accommodation and laptops?
Yes. Both NSFAS and many bank student loans cover costs beyond tuition, including housing, meals, textbooks, and electronic devices like laptops or tablets.
Final Thoughts
Student loans in South Africa offer a much-needed financial lifeline to thousands of students every year. Whether you're applying through **NSFAS** or a private bank, ensure you understand the **terms, interest rates, and repayment conditions** before signing any agreement. Make informed decisions today to secure your academic and financial future tomorrow.